Influence of macrophages in the response of bladder tumors to therapy with BCG

Authors and Affiliations:
Luís Lima 1,2,3,4 and Daniela Oliveira 1; Ana Tavares 1,5; Teresina Amaro 6; Ricardo Cruz 7; Maria J. Oliveira 8,9,10; José A. Ferreira 1,11 and Lúcio Santos 1,12,13.

1 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal

2 ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

3 Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia - Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), School of Allied Health Sciences – Polytechnic Institute of Oporto, Porto, Portugal

4 LPCC, Research Department-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Portugal

5 Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal

6 Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal

7 Department of Urology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal

8 INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Porto University

9 Department of Pathology e Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University

10 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Porto University

11 QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center of the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal

12 Health Faculty of University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

13 Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is the gold standard treatment for superficial bladder tumors with intermediate/high risk of recurrence or progression. However, approximately 30% of patients fail to respond to the treatment. Effective BCG therapy needs precise activation of the type 1 helper cells immune pathway. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) often assume an immunoregulatory M2 phenotype and may directly interfere with the BCG-induced antitumor immune response. Thus, we aim to clarify the influence of TAMs, in particular of the M2 phenotype in stroma and tumor areas, in BCG treatment outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 99 patients with bladder cancer treated with BCG. Tumors resected before treatment were evaluated using immunohistochemistry for CD68 and CD163 antigens, which identify a lineage macrophage marker and a M2-polarized specific cell surface receptor, respectively. CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages were evaluated within the stroma and tumor areas, and high density of infiltrating cells spots were selected for counting. Hypoxia, an event known to modulate macrophage phenotype, was also assessed through hypoxia induced factor (HIF)-1α expression. RESULTS: Patients in whom BCG failed had high stroma-predominant CD163+ macrophage counts (high stroma but low tumor CD163+ macrophages counts) when compared with the ones with a successful treatment (71% vs. 47%, P = 0.017). Furthermore, patients presenting this phenotype showed decreased recurrence-free survival (log rank, P = 0.008) and a clear 2-fold increased risk of BCG treatment failure was observed in univariate analysis (hazard ratio = 2.343; 95% CI: 1.197-4.587; P = 0.013). Even when adjusted for potential confounders, such as age and therapeutic scheme, multivariate analysis revealed 2.6-fold increased risk of recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.627; 95% CI: 1.340-5.150; P = 0.005). High stroma-predominant CD163+ macrophage counts were also associated with low expression of HIF-1α in tumor areas, whereas high counts of CD163+ in the tumor presented high expression of HIF-1α in tumor nests. CONCLUSIONS: TAMs evaluation using CD163 is a good indicator of BCG treatment failure. Moreover, elevated infiltration of CD163+ macrophages, predominantly in stroma areas but not in the tumor, may be a useful indicator of BCG treatment outcome, possibly owing to its immunosuppressive phenotype.

Journal:
Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations

Link:
http://www.urologiconcology.org/article/S1078-1439(13)00454-7/abstract